Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Laser sciences and its interaction, Laser Institute for Research and Application, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
2
Department of Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
3
Laser Physics, Laser Institute for Research and Applications (LIRA), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
4
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
Abstract
Water contamination represents a significant threat to both ecological sustainability and human life. 80% of the global population suffers from severe water pollution. Different types of pollutants adversely affect water resources. The most significant health risks associated with drinking water in developing countries are caused by pathogens, which are microorganisms causing diseases including bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted via the oral-fecal pathway. Most water-borne diseases result from microbial pollution, according to the WHO's drinking water quality guidelines, fourth edition. It is essential to diagnose these pathogens rapidly to impede the spread of the corresponding diseases. This review presented the most common bacterial detection techniques, microbiological culturing method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, and discussed the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy technique as a potential method for bacterial detection, which is a sensitive, accurate, and dependable method for quickly and immediately identifying harmful bacteria.
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